Coronary artery disease (CAD) develops when the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle become narrowed by atherosclerosis — a build-up of cholesterol-rich plaque in the artery wall. It is the most common form of heart disease and a leading cause of death in Australia.
Symptoms
Many people with early coronary disease have no symptoms. As narrowing progresses, common features include:
- Chest tightness or pressure with exertion (angina)
- Breathlessness during physical activity
- Pain radiating to the jaw, shoulder, or arm
- Fatigue or reduced exercise tolerance
In women, older adults, and people with diabetes, symptoms can be atypical — sometimes just unexplained breathlessness, nausea, or upper-back discomfort.
Diagnosis
Investigation is tailored to the individual but may include ECG, blood tests, exercise stress testing, CT coronary angiography, or invasive coronary angiography. The choice depends on your symptoms, risk factors, and the clinical question.
Treatment
Most patients with stable coronary disease are managed with medication and risk-factor modification. When symptoms are not controlled, or when imaging shows high-risk anatomy, coronary intervention (stenting) or coronary artery bypass surgery may be discussed.
What to ask at your appointment
- What is my individual cardiovascular risk?
- What are the trade-offs between medical therapy and intervention for my situation?
- What lifestyle changes will make the biggest difference?